Botanical Name : Datura stramonium
Family : Solanaceae
Identification No.-SDACH/HG/167
Introduction :
Datura stramonium, known by the common names thorn apple, jimsonweed (jimson weed) or devil’s snare, is a species of flowering plant in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Its likely origin was in Central America,and it has been introduced in many world regions. It is an aggressive invasive weed in temperate climates across the world. D. stramonium has frequently been employed in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments. It has also been used as a hallucinogen (of the anticholinergic/antimuscarinic, deliriant type), taken entheogenically to cause intense visions.It is unlikely ever to become a major drug of abuse owing to effects upon both mind and body frequently perceived subjectively as highly unpleasant, giving rise to a state of profound and long-lasting disorientation with a potentially fatal outcome. It contains tropane alkaloids which are responsible for the deliriant effects, and may be severely toxic
Morphology :
Datura stramonium is an ill-smelling, erect, annual, freely branching herb that forms a bush up to 60 to 150 cm (2 to 5 ft) tall.
The root is long, thick, fibrous, and white. The stem is stout, erect, leafy, smooth, and pale yellow-green to reddish purple in color. The stem forks off repeatedly into branches and each fork forms a leaf and a single, erect flower.
The leaves are about 8 to 20 cm (3–8 in) long, smooth, toothed,soft, and irregularly undulated.
The upper surface of the leaves is a darker green, and the bottom is a light green. The leaves have a bitter and nauseating taste, which is imparted to extracts of the herb, and remains even after the leaves have been dried.
Datura stramonium generally flowers throughout the summer. The fragrant flowers have a pleasing odor; are trumpet-shaped, white to creamy or violet, and 6 to 9 cm (2+1⁄2–3+1⁄2 in) long; and grow on short stems from either the axils of the leaves or the places where the branches fork. The calyx is long and tubular, swollen at the bottom, and sharply angled, surmounted by five sharp teeth. The corolla, which is folded and only partially open, is white, funnel-shaped, and has prominent ribs. The flowers open at night, emitting a pleasant fragrance, and are fed upon by nocturnal moths.
The egg-shaped seed capsule is 3 to 8 cm (1–3 in) in diameter and either covered with spines or bald. At maturity, it splits into four chambers, each with dozens of small, black seeds.
Due to following characteristics, datura is beneficial in a respiratory diseases and pain disorders.
Synonyms-
धत्तूरधूर्तधुत्तूरा उन्मत्तः कनकाह्वयः |
देवता कितवस्तूरी महामोही शिवप्रियः |
मातुलो मदनश्चास्य फले मातुलपुत्रकः ||७५|| Bhav Prakash
Classification
Charaka- Visa Cikitsa and in Kustha chikitsa (Madhvasava)
Sushruta- In Alarka visa (rabies), Sushruta described it as Unmatta twice (S.S.Ka.7/54 & S.S.Ut. 21/6) and Dhuttura thrice (S.S. Ci. 17; S.S.Ka. 7/52 & 53).
Vagbhata quoted it twice each as Dhatturaka (A.H.Ut. 24/30 & 38/37) and Kanaka (A.H.Ut. 32/31 & 39/18).
Bhav Prakash- Mentioned in Guduchayadi Varga
Uses :
Analgesic or Anodyne
Antispasmodic
Expectorant
Sedative
Hypnotic
Cardiac stimulant
Bronchodilator
Uterine stimulant
Soporific (Sleep inducing)
Intoxicant
Emetic
Digestive
Varieties: Two varieties of Datura
Datura stramonium – Shweta white variety
Datura Metal- Krishna black variety
5 varieties of Dhatura- Shweta (white), Neela (blue), Krishna (black), Rakta (red) and Peeta (yellow) according to Rajanighantu
The following species of Datura genus are available at present: Datura metel; Datura stramonium (Datura Tatula Linn) & Datura innoxia Mill.
Substitute/ Adulterant: Datura innoxia
Phytochemicals: – Alkaloids (Hyoscine) and two withanolide Glucosides (Dhatura metel in
A & B)
Raspanchaka
Rasa- Tikta, Katu, guna- Laghu, Ruksha, Vayvahi, Vikashi, virya- Ushna, vipaka- Katu, prabhava- Madak, dosha shamakta- Kapha-Vata rog
Karma: Kapha-vata hara
Rogaghnata: Vishaghna, Kasahara, Madaka, Varnya, Vatakaraka, Jwaraghna, Kusthaghna, Swasaghna, Krimiguna
Amayika Prayoga/Therapeutic Uses:
External:
1) In sotha a paste of leaves is applied.
2) Krmi- Juice of Dhattura leaves mixed with mercury or juice of heated leaves singly destroys ticks and lice on local application.
3) Juice of Mandukaparni and paste of Dhatura root destroys the boils.
Internal:
1) Alarkavisha- Dhatura and Sweta Punarnava combination is a very effective remedy (S.S.Ka. 7).
2) In jwara which is given with curd.
Part used: Seed, Leaves, Roots
Dose: Seed powder 50- 100 mg
Yoga/Formulations: Kankasava, Ekangavira Rasa, Puspadhanva Rasa,
Tribhuvana Kirti Rasa, Sri Jayamangala Rasa, Laghu Visagarbha Taila, Visatinduka Taila,
Dhattura Taila
IUCN Status: Not listed
Research updates-
1) Alcoholic extract of whole plant of D. metel showed anthelmintic activity against Ascardia galli. It also possessed anti-cancer activity against human epidermal carcinoma of the nasopharynx in tissue culture (Dhar et al., 1968).
2) Scopalamine obtained from D. innoxia (5, 8, or 10 µg/kg), given i.v. in man mainly impairs acquisiton of new informa tion but has less effect on retrival of information (Psychop-harmacol. 1977, 52, 283).
3) Atropine, hyoscine and total alkaloids obtained from D. metel (100 µg/ml, each) caused 9, 14.7 & 15.2% inhibition of MAO and 8, 9.3 & 8.9% inhibition of 5-HTP decarboxylase re-spectively (Ind. J. Med. Sci. 1970, 24, 13).
